AccuCount Ultra Rainbow fluoreszierende Partikel
Blood and other body fluids contain cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small pieces of cytoplasm surrounded by a lipid membrane. Electric vehicles are usually classified according to their formation mechanism and their size. EVs, called microparticles or microvesicles, are submicron vesicles shed from the cytoplasmic membrane, while exosomes are 50–100 nm vesicles secreted from cells by exocytosis of multivesicular bodies. In this article, the term EV is used to denote all types of cell-derived vesicles found in plasma.
Originally thought of as cellular debris or waste particles, there is now increasing evidence that EVs are involved in numerous functions.
In the blood, EVs are involved in physiological processes of coagulation, inflammation, or intercellular communication, while elevated EV levels have been reported in numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, sepsis, and autoimmune diseases. Electric vehicles that release the procoagulant lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) have attracted a lot of interest for several reasons.
- According to the classical theory of EV formation at the plasma membranes of cells, the exposure of PS molecules on the outer membrane sheet represents an early step in the cell activation process that precedes membrane blebbing and EV shedding. Most studies on plasmatic EVs agree with this theory agree and assume that PS-exposing EVs represent the majority or even all of EVs. In addition, PS and tissue factor-exposing EVs have been associated with thrombotic events associated with various pathologies.
- Furthermore, the physiological importance of PS-exposing EVs in hemostasis is underscored by the fact that two bleeding disorders, Scott syndrome and Castaman’s defect, are characterized by impairment in the generation of PS-exposing EVs.
- However, despite intensive research, current knowledge about electric vehicles is still limited. This is mainly due to the small size of EVs, most of which are smaller than 500 nm‘ and intrinsic limitations of the methods used for their characterization. For the past two decades, flow cytometry (FCM) has been the main method used to characterize electric vehicles.
- In the classic FCM approach, referred to below as conventional FCM, objects are detected in a two-stage process on the one hand based on their light scattering intensity, which must exceed a threshold value , and on the other hand based on their specific labeling with fluorescent ligands. This approach has demonstrated the existence of EVs of different cellular origins in different body fluids.
- However, major issues have arisen regarding the actual size and quantity of EVs detected by FCM. In particular, it is now well known that polymer particles, originally used as size calibrators, are not suitable references for EV sizing due to their different light scattering properties. Recent theoretical studies have reported that 500 nm polymer particles scatter light similar to 800 nm EVs on a standard flow cytometer.
- In addition, we recently showed experimentally that only 1% to a few % of horsepower-exposing EVs observed by quantitative electron microscopy (EM) were detected by conventional FCM.
Other methods have been used to detect and quantify EVs, including EM, atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), or resistive pulse sensing (RPS).
These methods offer specific advantages, as discussed recently in . However, FCM remains the method of choice for phenotyping large numbers of samples as required in the biomedical context. It’s worth noting that small object detection is not a new topic in FCM. More than 30 years ago, special flow cytometers were developed that could detect 100 nm viruses based on their light scattering properties. Recently, Marie et al. leisteten Pionierarbeit bei einer alternativen Strategie, die darin bestand, den Nachweis von Viren anhand eines Fluoreszenzparameters anstelle eines Lichtstreuungsparameters auszulösen. Auf dem Gebiet der Elektrofahrzeuge wurde dieser Ansatz selten angewendet , aber seine Leistungsfähigkeit wurde kürzlich durch den Nachweis von Elektrofahrzeugen in Zellkulturen mit einem High-End-Durchflusszytometer und einer originellen Markierungsstrategie veranschaulicht, in die ein lipophiler Fluorophor eingebaut wurde EV-Membranen .
AccuCount Ultra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
ACURFP-38-15
Spherotech
15 mL
535.2 EUR
AccuCount Ultra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
ACURFP-38-5
Spherotech
5 mL
249.6 EUR
AccuCount Ultra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
ACURFP-50-10
Spherotech
10 mL
364.8 EUR
AccuCount Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
ACRFL-100-3
Spherotech
3 mL
254.4 EUR
AccuCount Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
ACRFP-100-3
Spherotech
3 mL
254.4 EUR
Ultra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-02-2
Spherotech
2 mL
358.8 EUR
Ultra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-05-2
Spherotech
2 mL
358.8 EUR
Ultra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-10-5
Spherotech
5 mL
358.8 EUR
AccuCount Fluorescent Particles
ACFP-100-3
Spherotech
3 mL
230.4 EUR
AccuCount Fluorescent Particles
ACFP-50-5
Spherotech
5 mL
230.4 EUR
AccuCount Fluorescent Particles
ACFP-70-10
Spherotech
10 mL
352.8 EUR
AccuCount Fluorescent Particles
ACFP-70-5
Spherotech
5 mL
230.4 EUR
AccuCount Fluorescent Particles
ACFP2.5-30056-1
Spherotech
1 mL
157.2 EUR
AccuCount Fluorescent Particles
ACFP20-10056-1
Spherotech
1 mL
128.4 EUR
AccuCount Fluorescent Particles
ACFP5-15056-1
Spherotech
1 mL
140.4 EUR
AccuCount Fluorescent Particles
ACFP5-20056-1
Spherotech
1 mL
128.4 EUR
AccuCount Fluorescent Particles
ACFP50-7056-1
Spherotech
1 mL
133.2 EUR
Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
RFP-100-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
RFP-20-5
Spherotech
5 mL
352.8 EUR
Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
RFP-30-5
Spherotech
5 mL
364.8 EUR
Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
RFP-30-5A
Spherotech
5X1 mL
364.8 EUR
Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
RFP-35-5
Spherotech
5 mL
364.8 EUR
Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
RFP-38-5
Spherotech
5 mL
188.4 EUR
Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
RFP-50-5
Spherotech
5 mL
376.8 EUR
Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
RFP-60-5
Spherotech
5 mL
376.8 EUR
Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
RFP-70-5
Spherotech
5 mL
376.8 EUR
AccuCount Fluorescent Particle Kit
ACFP-50-4K
Spherotech
4X1mL
620.4 EUR
Supra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
SRCP-35-2A
Spherotech
2X1 mL
346.8 EUR
Supra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
SRCP-35-5A
Spherotech
5X1 mL
700.8 EUR
Supra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
SRCP01-35--10A
Spherotech
10X1 mL
194.4 EUR
Supra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
SRCP01-35--2AK
Spherotech
2X1 mL
486 EUR
Supra Rainbow Fluorescent Particles
SRCP10-35--2A
Spherotech
2X1 mL
1497.6 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-100-10
Spherotech
10 mL
1424.4 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-100-2
Spherotech
2 mL
400.8 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-150-2
Spherotech
2 mL
400.8 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-200-5
Spherotech
5 mL
408 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-30-2
Spherotech
2 mL
358.8 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-30-20
Spherotech
20 mL
2446.8 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-300-5
Spherotech
5 mL
408 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-38-10
Spherotech
10 mL
1278 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-38-2
Spherotech
2 mL
364.8 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP-38-5A
Spherotech
5X1 mL
741.6 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP01-30--10K
Spherotech
10 mL
554.4 EUR
UltraRainbow Fluorescent Particles
URFP01-30--2K
Spherotech
1x2 mL (fluorescent)
486 EUR
AccuCount Blank Particles
ACBP-100-10
Cusabio
10 mL
230.4 EUR
AccuCount Blank Particles
ACBP-150-10
Spherotech
10 mL
237.6 EUR
AccuCount Blank Particles
ACBP-20-10
Spherotech
10 mL
230.4 EUR
AccuCount Blank Particles
ACBP-30-10
Spherotech
10 mL
225.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-10040-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-10052-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-10056-10
Spherotech
10 mL
1022.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-10056-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-10062-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-10074-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-10078-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-2040-2
Spherotech
2 mL
230.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-2045-2
Spherotech
2 mL
230.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-2052-2
Spherotech
2 mL
230.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-2056-2
Spherotech
2 mL
230.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-2060-2
Spherotech
2 mL
261.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-2062-2
Spherotech
2 mL
230.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-2070-2
Spherotech
2 mL
230.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-3056-10
Spherotech
10 mL
802.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-3056-2
Spherotech
2 mL
237.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FH-5056-2
Spherotech
2 mL
237.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-00552-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-00556-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-00558-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-00562-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-00570-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0245-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0252-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0256-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0257-2
Spherotech
2 mL
237.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0262-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0270-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0545-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0552-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0556-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0557-2
Spherotech
2 mL
237.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0558-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0562-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0570-2
Spherotech
2 mL
218.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0842-2
Spherotech
2 mL
225.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0845-2
Spherotech
2 mL
225.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0852-2
Spherotech
2 mL
225.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0856-2
Spherotech
2 mL
225.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0857-2
Spherotech
2 mL
242.4 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0858-2
Spherotech
2 mL
225.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0862-2
Spherotech
2 mL
225.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0868-2
Spherotech
2 mL
225.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0870-2
Spherotech
2 mL
225.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-0878-2
Spherotech
2 mL
225.6 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-10040-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-10045-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-10052-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-10056-10
Spherotech
10 mL
888 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-10056-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-10056-2A
Spherotech
2X1 mL
310.8 EUR
Fluorescent Particles
FP-10062-2
Spherotech
2 mL
310.8 EUR
Here we present a simple method to detect PS-exposing EVs from plasma samples by fluorescence triggering (FL). Furthermore, we compare results obtained with this method and with a recently introduced quantitative EM approach to count electric vehicles.