Kaninchen-Ergänzung UnadsoRabbited 100 ml
Complement-mediated bactericidal antibodies in serum confer protection against meningococcal disease. The minimum protective titer is estimated to be between 1:4 and 1:8 when measured using the Goldschneider assay performed with human complement, the assay used in the 1960s to measure the correlation between bactericidal antibodies and determine protection. A recently described bactericidal assay, standardized by an international consortium, uses rabbit complement, which is known to increase bactericidal titers.
To define a protective titer measured by the standardized assay, we compared bactericidal titers against serogroup C strains measured by this assay with titers measured by the method described by Goldschneider et al.
- A titer of ≥1:128 as measured by the standardized assay was required to predict with ≥80% confidence a positive titer of ≥1:4 as measured by the Goldschneider assay. However, the majority of samples with titers of 1:4 as measured by the Goldschneider assay had titers of <1:128 as measured by the standardized assay. Therefore, such individuals would be misclassified as susceptible to disease by the results of the standardized assay. In conclusion, high bactericidal titers measured with the standardized assay performed with rabbit complement predict protection, but no threshold titer is both sensitive and specific for predicting a positive titer, measured by the Goldschneider assay using human complement. Up to 10% of the US adult population lack intrinsic bactericidal activity against serum serogroup C strains and can serve as complement donors. Because of this,
- Considerable data support a relationship between the presence of complement-mediated bactericidal antibodies in serum and protection from the development of invasive meningococcal disease (reviewed by Frasch).
- Therefore, there is strong scientific rationale for inferring the efficacy of a new meningococcal vaccine from immunogenicity data. However, this approach is based on the premise that the method used to test bactericidal antibodies yields clinically relevant titers that have been linked to supporting epidemiological and/or experimental studies.
- In a landmark study on the role of serum bactericidal antibodies and protection against meningococcal disease, Goldschneider et al. received baseline serum samples from unimmunized military recruits who were at high risk of developing serogroup C disease during their 8-week participation in the training camp.
- A baseline serum bactericidal titre of ≥1:4 was a strong predictor of protection. Subsequently, some experts recommended using a titer ≥ 1:8 as the threshold for defining protection (Carl Frasch, personal communication), on the grounds that the higher titer offers a greater safety margin when assessing protection. In general, a titer of ≥ 1:4 is accepted as a protective threshold titer in Europe, while a titre of ≥ 1:8 is used in the United States.
In Goldschneider’s studies, serum bactericidal antibody levels were measured using human complement (either endogenous complement or exogenous serum from a healthy adult lacking intrinsic bactericidal activity).
However, sera from many healthy adults contain naturally acquired antibodies against the group-specific polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, or outer membrane proteins of meningococci. These antibodies can activate complement and cause meningococcal bacteriolysis and affect the results of the assay. Therefore, it is necessary to either use serum from an untreated patient with agammaglobulinemia (rare in the population) or to screen sera from several healthy adults to find a suitable complement donor that lacks intrinsic serum bactericidal activity. Some researchers have substituted infant rabbits as a source of complement (reviewed in reference) due to potential difficulties in sourcing human complement. infant rabbit sera,For these reasons, rabbit serum was recommended as a source of exogenous complement in the bactericidal test procedure developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and standardized in an international multi-laboratory study. Rabbit serum has also been recommended by the World Health Organization as a source of complement for the assessment of human bactericidal responses to meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines as part of biological standardization. In 1983, Zollinger and Mandrell reported that the use of rabbit complement resulted in much higher bactericidal titers for meningococcal serogroup B strains than the use of human complement. This observation has been confirmed and also reported for serogroup C strains.
Rabbit Complement UnadsoRabbited 100mL
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Pel-Freez
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332.47 EUR
Rabbit Complement UnadsoRabbited 500mL
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Pel-Freez
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Rabbit Complement UnadsoRabbited 5mL
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Rabbit Complement ADSORabbitED 100mL
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Rabbit Complement 3-4 WK (100-mL)
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Rabbit Complement 3-4 WK (10-mL)
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83.2 EUR
Rabbit Complement 1q ELISA kit
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192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement 1q ELISA kit
E04C0011-48
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1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement 1q ELISA kit
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Rabbit Complement 4 ELISA kit
E04C0012-192T
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192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement 4 ELISA kit
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624 EUR
Rabbit Complement 4 ELISA kit
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822 EUR
Rabbit Complement 3 ELISA Kit
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1113.6 EUR
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2 ml
270 EUR
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343.2 EUR
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489.6 EUR
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Rabbit Complement 3,C3 ELISA Kit
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530.4 EUR
Rabbit Complement 3,C3 ELISA Kit
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48T
351.6 EUR
Rabbit Complement 4,C4 ELISA Kit
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538.8 EUR
Rabbit Complement 4,C4 ELISA Kit
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391.2 EUR
Rabbit Complement 4,C4 ELISA Kit
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628.8 EUR
Rabbit Complement 4,C4 ELISA Kit
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Qayee Biotechnology
96T
448.8 EUR
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96T
448.8 EUR
Rabbit Complement 3,C3 ELISA Kit
EKC38418-48T
Biomatik Corporation
48T
647.15 EUR
Rabbit Complement 3,C3 ELISA Kit
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Biomatik Corporation
5x96T
4391.38 EUR
Rabbit Complement 3,C3 ELISA Kit
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96T
924.5 EUR
Rabbit Complement 4,C4 ELISA Kit
YLA0078RB-48T
Shanghai YL Biotech
48T
465 EUR
Rabbit Complement 4,C4 ELISA Kit
YLA0078RB-96T
Shanghai YL Biotech
96T
600 EUR
Rabbit Complement 3,C3 ELISA Kit
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Shanghai YL Biotech
48T
465 EUR
Rabbit Complement 3,C3 ELISA Kit
YLA0079RB-96T
Shanghai YL Biotech
96T
600 EUR
Rabbit Complement 3,C3 ELISA Kit
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Sunlong
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498 EUR
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498 EUR
Complement Factor B Rabbit pAb
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100 ul
369.6 EUR
Complement Factor B Rabbit pAb
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Abclonal
200 ul
550.8 EUR
Complement Factor B Rabbit pAb
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Abclonal
20 ul
219.6 EUR
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267.6 EUR
Complement factor D Rabbit mAb
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Abclonal
20μL
1557.4 EUR
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83.2 EUR
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Rabbit Complement C5 Protein, His Tag
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192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor B ELISA kit
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BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor B ELISA kit
E04C0365-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor D ELISA kit
E04C0366-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor D ELISA kit
E04C0366-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor D ELISA kit
E04C0366-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor H ELISA kit
E04C0367-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor H ELISA kit
E04C0367-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor H ELISA kit
E04C0367-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor I ELISA kit
E04C0368-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor I ELISA kit
E04C0368-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor I ELISA kit
E04C0368-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor P ELISA kit
E04C0369-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor P ELISA kit
E04C0369-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Factor P ELISA kit
E04C0369-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
GUINEA Pig Complement 10ML*
38002-1
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208.5 EUR
Rabbit Complement component 5b ELISA kit
E04C0664-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement component 5b ELISA kit
E04C0664-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement component 5b ELISA kit
E04C0664-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement component 3b ELISA kit
E04C0113-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement component 3b ELISA kit
E04C0113-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement component 3b ELISA kit
E04C0113-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 1R ELISA kit
E04C0352-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 1R ELISA kit
E04C0352-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 1R ELISA kit
E04C0352-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 7 ELISA kit
E04C0354-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 7 ELISA kit
E04C0354-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 7 ELISA kit
E04C0354-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 8b ELISA kit
E04C0355-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 8b ELISA kit
E04C0355-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 8b ELISA kit
E04C0355-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 5 ELISA kit
E04C0356-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 5 ELISA kit
E04C0356-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 5 ELISA kit
E04C0356-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 8g ELISA kit
E04C0357-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 8g ELISA kit
E04C0357-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 8g ELISA kit
E04C0357-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 9 ELISA kit
E04C0358-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 9 ELISA kit
E04C0358-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 9 ELISA kit
E04C0358-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 2 ELISA kit
E04C0359-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 2 ELISA kit
E04C0359-48
BlueGene
1 plate of 48 wells
624 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 2 ELISA kit
E04C0359-96
BlueGene
1 plate of 96 wells
822 EUR
Rabbit Complement Component 3 ELISA kit
E04C0360-192T
BlueGene
192 tests
1524 EUR
Since the main study demonstrated a correlation between serum bactericidal activity and protection from the development of meningococcal disease human complement was used in the assay, the clinical relevance is the higher bactericidal titers measured by the standardized rabbit complement assay , unknown. It follows that a protective threshold of ≥ 1:4 or ≥ 1:8 determined by the Goldschneider assay with human complement may be unacceptably low when measuring bactericidal titers with the standardized assay performed with rabbit complement becomes. To date, there are no published comparisons of titers measured by the two assays.
In this study, we report the results of the analysis of bactericidal responses to meningococcal serogroup C strains in sera from vaccinated infants or older children, measured by the standardized bactericidal assay using rabbit complement or the Goldschneider assay using human Complement.